Satellite Imagery. From acquisition principles to processing of optical images for observing the Earth

Satellite Imagery. From acquisition principles to processing of optical images for observing the Earth

Auteur :

CNES

Collection :

This book was written for students and engineers wishing to understand the basic principles behind the acquisition of optical imagery for Earth observation and the ways in which the quality of the images can be optimised.
The book describes a very wide range of subjects from fundamental physics (radiation, electronics, optics) to applied mathematics (frequency analysis), geometry and technological issues.

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Rubrique : Espace

ISBN : 9782364930360

Référence : 1036

Année de parution : 2012

This book was written for students and engineers wishing to understand the basic principles behind the acquisition of optical imagery for Earth observation and the ways in which the quality of the images can be optimised.
Intended both for designers and downstream users, the book begins with a detailed explanation of the physical principles involved when a satellite acquires an optical image and then goes on to discuss image processing and its limits as well as the ultimate performance obtained.
It also covers in depth the problems to be solved when designing and dimensioning observation systems so that the reader can become familiar with the various processes implemented for acquiring an optical image.
The book describes a very wide range of subjects from fundamental physics (radiation, electronics, optics) to applied mathematics (frequency analysis), geometry and technological issues.
It draws on work done over many years by engineers from CNES (the French Space Agency), the IGN (the French National Geographic Institute) and ONERA (the French Aerospace Laboratory) in the field of satellite optical imagery.

Extrait 1036 Satellite Imagery From Acquisition Principles To Processing Of Optical Images For Observing The Earth

Référence :	1036
Nombre de pages :	492
Format :	17x24
Reliure :	Broché

	Rôle
CNES	Auteur

I. INTRODUCTION
Philippe LIER (CNES), Christophe VALORGE (CNES)

I.1. Some history
I.2. What is remote sensing?
    I.2.1. Definition
    I.2.2. What is a 'digital image’?
    I.2.3. What is 'Image Quality’?
    I.2.4. Ground processing to correct for remote-sensing effects
I.3. Some examples of Earth observation applications
    I.3.1. Meteorology
    I.3.2. Mapping
    I.3.3. Intelligence gathering
    I.3.4. Monitoring natural disasters
    I.3.5. Scientific applications
I.4. A panorama of several Earth observation missions
    I.4.1. The KEYHOLE satellites of the CORONA programme
    I.4.2. The Landsat family, example: Landsat 7
    I.4.3. The SPOT family
    I.4.4. PLEIADES
    I.4.5. American commercial satellites
    I.4.6. Vegetation
    I.4.7. POLDER
    I.4.8. ScaRaB
    I.4.9. CALIPSO’s Infrared Camera
I.5. Scope of this book

II. IMAGE GEOMETRY
Jean Marc DELVIT (CNES), Daniel GRESLOU (CNES), Sylvia SYLVANDER (IGN), Christophe VALORGE (CNES)

II.1. Introduction
    II.1.1. Chapter outline
    II.1.2. Introduction to direct location
II.2. Pre- requisites: Space and Time Reference frames
    II.2.1. Stating the problem
    II.2.2. Reference frames and object-centred coordinate systems
II.2.3. From the Earth to the stars
    II.2.4. Space reference frames
    II.2.5. The time references
    II.2.6. Changing reference frames
II.3. Geometric principles of acquisition
    II.3.1 The different types of sensor
    II.3.2. Time-stamping images
    II.3.3. Satellite orbits
    II.3.4. Satellite attitude
II.4. Geometric modelling of the scene
    II.4.1. General principle
    II.4.2. Review of conic geometry
    II.4.3. Physical modelling of the scene
    II.4.4. Analytical modelling of the viewing geometry
    II.4.5. Refining the geometric viewing model
II.5. Geometrical processing
    II.5.1. Geometrical corrections
    II.5.2. Image matching and correlation
    II.5.3. 'Downstream' geometric processing
II.6. Geometric image quality
    II.6.1. Introduction
    II.6.2. User requirements and GIQ
    II.6.3. In-flight geometric image quality
    II.6.4. Summary of requirements and GIQ performance
II.7. Essential geometrical formulations
    II.7.1. Notations
    II.7.2. Basic formulae
    II.7.3. Detector projection
II.8. Bibliographical references

III. RADIOMETRY
Alain BARDOUX (CNES), Xavier BRIOTTET (ONERA), Bertrand FOUGNIE (CNES), Patrice HENRY (CNES), Sophie LACHERADE (ONERA), Laurent LEBEGUE (CNES), Philippe LIER (CNES), Christophe MIESCH (ONERA), Françoise VIALLEFONT (ONERA)

III.1. Introduction
III.2. Measurement physics
    III.2.1. Introduction
    III.2.2. Definition of radiative parameters
    III.2.3. Optical properties of surfaces
    III.2.4. The atmosphere
    III.2.5. Analysis of radiance at sensor level

III.3. Acquisition principle: description of the on-board   imaging system
    III.3.1. Introduction
    III.3.2. Optics
    III.3.3. Detector system
    III.3.4. Electronic system
III.4. Mathematical model of the image acquisition system
    III.4.1. Calculation of irradiance over the focal plane
    III.4.2. Calculating the number of electrons produced
    III.4.3. Calculating the output signal expressed in digital counts
III.5. Radiometric modelling of the image acquisition process
    III.5.1. Introduction
    III.5.2. Example 1: IIR CALIPSO radiometric model
    III.5.3. Example 2: the SPOT radiometric model
    III.5.4. Example 3: the PLEIADES-HR radiometric model
    III.5.5. Example 4: the POLDER radiometric model
III.6. Calibration and measurement of radiometric performance
    III.6.1. Introduction
    III.6.2. Relative calibration in the field of view, or 'normalisation'
    III.6.3. Absolute calibration
III.7. Radiometric resolution
    III.7.1. Introduction
    III.7.2. Example: PLEIADES radiometric noise model
    III.7.3. Estimation of instrument noise
III.8. Summary and future prospects
III.9. References

IV. IMAGE RESOLUTION
Sébastien FOUREST (CNES), Philippe KUBIK (CNES), Christophe LATRY (CNES), Dominique LEGER (ONERA), Françoise VIALLEFONT (ONERA)

IV.1. Introduction
IV.2. Image spot and MTF
    IV.2.1. Review of the theory of stationary linear systems
    IV.2.2. Imagers
    IV.2.3. Expression of the image spot and MTF
    IV.2.4. Overall model
IV.3. Sampling
    IV.3.1. The effects of sampling
    IV.3.2. Impact on system design
IV.4. Image interpolation
    IV.4.1. General introduction
    IV.4.2. Classical interpolation
    IV.4.3. 1-D interpolating filters
    IV.4.4. 2D interpolating filters
    IV.4.5. Interpolation in the Fourier domain
IV.5. Treatments for improving resolution
    IV.5.1. Introduction
    IV.5.2. Deconvolution
    IV.5.3. Denoising
    IV.5.4. Panchromatic/multispectral Fusion
IV.6. In-flight methods of measuring MTF and focusing errors
    IV.6.1. Introduction
    IV.6.2. Methods for measuring focus error
    IV.6.3. Methods for measuring MTF
    IV.6.4. Conclusion
IV.7. Conclusion
IV.8. Annexe 1: The Fourier transform
    IV.8.1. The continuous Fourier transform
    IV.8.2. Going from the continuous to the discrete world: sampling
    IV.8.3. A suitable tool for the sampled world: the Discrete Fourier transform
    IV.8.4. The finite discrete Fourier transform
IV.8.5. Summary: from continuous Fourier transform to finite discrete
Fourier transform
    IV.8.6. FDFT properties
    IV.8.7. Use of the FDFT
    IV.8.8. Conclusion
IV.9. Annexe 2: wavelets and packets
    IV.9.1. Limitations of the frequency representation
    IV.9.2. Wavelets
IV.10. Annexe 3: Interpolation and B-splines
    IV.10.1. Basic properties of interpolating functions
    IV.10.2. Spline construction
IV.11. Bibliography

V. SYSTEM DIMENSIONING
Philippe KUBIK (CNES)

V.1. Objective and definitions
V.2. Dimensioning principles
    V.2.1. Geometry
    V.2.2. Radiometry
    V.2.3. Resolution
V.3. Design examples
    V.3.1. SPOT type mission, 10 m
    V.3.2. Satellite with metre-scale resolution
V.4. Conclusions

VI. IMAGE COMPRESSION
Catherine LAMBERT (CNES), Christophe LATRY (CNES), Gilles MOURY (CNES)

VI.1. Introduction
VI.2. General overview of image compression
VI.3. Compression and image quality
    VI.3.1. Inadequacy of the usual criteria
    VI.3.2. Consideration of the overall onboard/ground image system
    VI.3.3. User application criteria
VI.4. Diversity of compression techniques in the space field
    VI.4.1. Predictive coding techniques
    VI.4.2. DCT encoding techniques
    VI.4.3. Lapped Orthogonal Transform (LOT).
    VI.4.4. Wavelet transform compression
    VI.4.5. Future prospects
    VI.4.6. Bibliography

VII. IMAGE SIMULATION
Philippe LIER (CNES), Christophe VALORGE (CNES)

VII.1. The purpose of image simulation
    VII.1.1. Review: the concept of 'Image Quality’
    VII.1.2. Simulation: a design tool
    VII.1.3. Simulation: an interface tool
VII.2. General principles of image simulation
    VII.2.1. Simulating the input scene either for the sensor, or for
    pre-processing
    VII.2.2. Simulating the sensor
    VII.2.3. Simulating the ground processing
    VII.2.4. Summary
    VII.2.5. Examples of how this processing system is used at CNES
    VII.2.6. The limitations of 'traditional’ simulation
    VII.2.7. Comments
VII.3. Image synthesis and 3D simulation
    VII.3.1. Reminder: modelling scenes in '2.5D’
    VII.3.2. Modelling scenes in 3D
    VII.3.3. Pre-processing in 3D
    VII.3.4. 3D simulation
VII.4. Outlook for image simulation

VIII. CONCLUSION
Philippe LIER (CNES)

VIII.1. The resolution race
VIII.2. Other criteria
    VIII.2.1. The revisit interval
    VIII.2.2. The spectral bands
    VIII.2.3. Stereoscopic imagery
    VIII.2.4. Operational capability
VIII.3. High resolution imagery for everyday use?